Osman Kavala

1. Marmara Prison
   Dates unknown

Mehmet Osman Kavala (born 2 October 1957) is a Turkish economist, businessman, philanthropist, and political activist. Kavala is the founder and chair of the board of Anadolu Kültür, an Istanbul-based nonprofit arts and culture organization. In 2019, he received the European Archaeological Heritage Prize from the European Association of Archaeologists for his efforts to protect and preserve significant examples of cultural heritage in danger in Turkey and the Ayşenur Zarakolu Freedom of Thought and Expression Award by Human Rights Association's Istanbul branch. His arrests in Turkey caused the European Court of Human Rights and ambassadors from ten Western countries to demand his release. These demands were rejected by Turkish courts and president Erdoğan. On 25 April 2022, a court sentenced him to life in prison due to his alleged relations with the Gülen movement and the Gezi park protests. In October 2023, Kavala was awarded the Václav Havel Human Rights Prize, and in 2025 the Goethe Medal.